paganbeo Pagan Aspect of Beowulf Essay -- Epic Beowulf essays

The Pagan Aspect of Beowulf      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Beowulf the pagan aspect is revealed through many passages and many heathen rites or customs in which the form of expression or the thought suggests pagan usage or beliefs.    â€Å"The poet’s heroic age is full of men both ‘emphatically pagan and exceptionally good,’ men who believe in a God whom they thank at every imaginable opportunity. Yet they perform all the pagan rites known to Tacitua, and are not Christian† (Frank 52). Certainly the pagan element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text for us to suppose that it is due to additions made by scribes at a time when the poem had come to be written down. The pagan element had to be included by the original poet. Another scholar considers the paganism of the poem:    Both the poet and his audience knew well that sixth-century Scandinavians were heathens. And lest it be thought that Anglo-Saxons tended to forget the heathenism of the Scandinavians as time wore on, we should recall that, in the Chronicle, charters, poems, and saints’ lives, Old English haethen (as well as Latin paganus) was virtually a synonym for Dene (i.e. â€Å"Scandinavian†). Indeed, the association between heathenism and Scandinavians became ever so stronger in Anglo-Saxon England as the centuries passed. The vaguely pious heroes of Beowulf, then, would not have been mistaken for christians by an Anglo-Saxon audience (Robinson 82).    The extent to which the pagan element is present varies in different parts of the poem, but is present throughout from beginning to end. The pagan element is unequally distributed between the speeches and the narrative, favoring the narrative.    Catholic missionaries to Britain in the early ce... ...by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963.    Bloom, Harold. â€Å"Introduction.† In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Chadwick, H. Munro. â€Å"The Heroic Age.† In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963.    Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.    Frank, Roberta. â€Å"The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Robinson, Fred C. â€Å"Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Engine Management Essay

Engine Management System ensure that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no maintenance. Two basic functions performed by an EMS: (1) to meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity and (2) to provide a spark at the right time. An EMS is a self contained custom built computer which controls the running of an engine by monitoring the engine speed, load and temperature and providing the ignition spark at the right time for the prevailing conditions and metering the fuel to the engine in the exact quantity required. There are two discrete subsystems in operation within the EMS The fuel or injection system and The ignition system. When the engine is running its requirements for fuel and ignition timing will vary according to certain engine conditions, the main two being engine speed and engine load. This Map injection gives the appropriate fuel or timing setting for each possible speed and load condition. There will normally be a map for the injector timings (fuel map) and a separate map for the ignition timing settings (ignition map) within the EMS. Each map has entries for a pre-determined range of engine speeds (called speed sites) and a predetermined range of engine load conditions (called load sites), which generally indicate how far open the throttle is. The EMS knows the engine speed (derived from the crank sensor or distributor pickup) and the engine load (from the Throttle Position Sensor or airflow meter) and will use these two values to ‘look-up’ the appropriate fuel and timing settings in each map. If the current engine telemetry falls between the sites in the map then the value is interpolated between the nearest two sites. Normally there will be speed sites every 500 or so RPM and 8 to 16 load sites between closed and open throttle. In the example below speed sites are spaced every 1000-RPM and the eight load sites are numbered 0 to 7. An all-new line of V6 engines, with more horsepower, powers the 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and more advanced technology than before. The luxury models feature a high-tech seven-speed automatic transmission, and the C350 Luxury sedan has the classic Mercedes balance of ride quality and handling. The line also includes sport models for those who want a sportier driving experience. Inside, the C-Class cars look and feel like a Mercedes-Benz, with firm, supportive seats and mostly high-quality materials. The C-Class delivers Mercedes engineering and safety technology, with optional all-wheel-drive that will improve traction in wet or wintry conditions. New engines for 2006 complement the substantial C-Class updates made just a year ago.   Mercedes redesigned the C-Class interior for 2005, freshened the exterior styling and further distinguished the sport models from the standard luxury sedans. A new six-speed manual transmission greatly improved shift action. New paint technology imbeds microscopic ceramic flakes in the clear coat finish, increasing its resistance to chipping and degradation over time. Aerodynamically, the C-Class cars are among the most efficient in the Mercedes-Benz family. The C-Class boasts a drag coefficient of 0.27, which helps minimize wind noise and improves fuel efficiency.   Interior Features The C-Class interior looks like the inside of a Mercedes-Benz should, and for the most part, it feels that way, too. A model re-alignment for 2006 has increased the level of luxury in the least expensive models. Fabric upholstery and manually operated seats can no longer be found in the C-Class line. The C-Class got a thorough interior re-do for the 2005 model year so the 2006 models benefit from that. The dashboard, instruments and seats were redesigned, and materials were revised throughout. The instrument cluster now features four gauges, with a chromed-ringed tachometer and speedometer of identical size sitting front and center. To the left and right of these are smaller fuel and temperature gauges. In the middle sits an LCD display with various system and trip functions. Fashioned in the mold of the larger Mercedes E-Class, the instrument cluster is deeply hooded and virtually eliminates glare on the dials. The backlit script is clear and easy to read. Audio controls are now located in what we consider the optimal spot: above the climate control switches, which sit at the bottom of the stack. Both audio and climate knobs are large and easy to locate. The switchgear is, for the most part, easy to use and understand. The stalk controls have a beefy feel with positive detents. Redundant buttons on the steering wheel let the driver operate the audio and telephone functions without removing a hand from the wheel. Lighting inside is effective, with good illumination for entry in the dark and excellent map lights for reading. The C-Class glove box is a good size, unless you order the CD changer, in which case you lose most of its storage space. In general, the C-Class sedans are trimmed with good-quality interior materials. Driving Impressions The 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedans have been improved across the board, thanks to a new family of V6 engines. The least powerful of the new C-Class engines, the 2.5-liter V6 in the C230 Sport sedan, rated at 201 horsepower, offers more power than the supercharged four-cylinder engine it replaces. As important, it is far smoother at all speeds and generally, fewer courses in feel, sound or the amount of vibration it generates. The 228-hp 3.0-liter V6 in the C280 Luxury sedan is much more powerful and satisfying than the anemic 2.6-liter V6 in the 2005 C240 (previously the best selling C-Class). Even the biggest V6, which was our favorite engine on the 2005 models, is much better for 2006. The 3.5-liter V6 in the C350 generates 268 horsepower, 20 percent more than the 3.2 in the 2005 C320, which improves acceleration performance considerably. Matched with either the six-speed manual or the high-tech seven-speed automatic, the new engine makes the C350 more responsive than the 2005 C320. The 3.5-liter V6 has fully variable valve timing to deliver an impressive amount of torque from idle all the way to the red line. The C350 responds more immediately than the C320, no matter how fast it is already traveling when the driver presses the accelerator. The new engine is also noticeably smoother, particularly at high rpm. In addition, thanks the seven-speed automatic, the improved performance comes without a corresponding decrease in fuel mileage. All of the C-Class cars offer nice steering, effective brakes and a good balance between ride and handling. Before choosing between a Luxury or Sport model, C-Class buyers should carefully consider whether a smooth ride or sharper handling is preferred because the trade-off between comfort and response changes with the model. The Sport models are more firmly sprung than the standard Luxury models. All C-Class models are quiet inside, even when blasting along at 80 mph. These sedans are aerodynamically slippery cars, and very little wind noise penetrates the cabin. As mentioned, the C-Class offers a choice of transmissions. The seven-speed automatic that comes on the C280 and C350 Luxury sedans is superior to five-speed automatics that come on most cars (to say nothing of an old-fashioned four-speed automatic). With more gears, it offers better acceleration performance and responsiveness around town as well as enhanced fuel efficiency. Gear changes are barely noticeable in normal driving, especially in the higher gears. This transmission allows significantly quicker acceleration for highway passing situations, and it does not have to go through every gear. Step on the gas and the transmission will skip down to the appropriate gear, switching from seventh to fifth, for example, and from there directly to third, meaning two downshifts instead of four. As for the manual transmission, Mercedes has lowered the ratio for first gear for quicker acceleration off the line, but kept an overdrive sixth gear for quiet, low-rev highway cruising and better fuel economy. More important, the old cable-operated shift mechanism has been replaced by a solid, direct rod. The result is easier, quicker and more precise shifting, and the improved action contributes greatly to a more rewarding, engaging driving experience. Shift effort is low, and the gears are easier to hit. For manual fans, we can heartily recommend the C230 Sport sedan. If you prefer an automatic but want a Sport model, we encourage you to step up to the C350 Sport sedan with the optional automatic. The optional 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system delivers power to all four wheels. It is fully automatic and on all the time, so there are no buttons to push and no special knowledge is needed; just drive the car. The system uses electronic traction control to vary torque each of the four wheels, diverting power to the tires with the best grip. Even if three wheels lose traction, 4MATIC can direct power to the one remaining tire with grip. The result is better stability and improved handling in slippery conditions, with a greatly reduced chance of being stuck. 4MATIC does dampen engine response and slow acceleration slightly, and lowers fuel mileage a bit. However, for those who drive through harsh winters, all-wheel drive is worth it. All-wheel-drive sedans such as the C-Class are proof that you do not need an SUV to confidently handle rough weather. In fact, a car tends to handle better in icy conditions than a truck. We consider all-wheel drive a valuable asset in the rainy Northwest or for the harsh winters of the Midwest and Northeast, and 4MATIC is priced much lower on the C-Class models than it is on other Mercedes models. Braking is excellent. Every C-Class model has good-sized brake rotors, and the Sport sedans feature cross-drilled rotors in front for better resistance to fade. (Braking effectiveness fades away as brakes get hot from repeated hard use.) All C-Class cars come with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist. EBD can reduce stopping distances and improve stability when braking by distributing brake pressure between the front and rear wheels, giving more to the tires that are gripping best. Break Assist senses a panic-braking situation and helps ensure full braking force even if the driver makes the mistake of relaxing pressure on the brake pedal. The net effect is short, no-fuss stopping. In everyday use, the C-Class brakes are progressive in pedal feel. The C55 AMG might be the most impressive C-Class yet. It is a sports sedan in the extreme sense, capable of amazing acceleration, and handling and braking on par with exotic sports cars. It is capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in an exotic-grade 4.9 seconds, according to Mercedes. The old C32 was super quick, too, but the C55 is less crude and more refined. Its big V8 engine is smoother, more tractable and less intrusive when a driver is cruising the freeway or just trundling along, and its deep, V8 exhaust note better suits the sportiest C-Class of all. How to maintain the engine of a car If we will take one look, why cars break down? We can see several things. Sometimes cars start having problems after accidents. Sometimes it may be a factory defect or design flaw. Heavy conditions like, for example, driving only short trips without letting the engine to warm up fully also make the engine life shorter. Corrosion is another factor – for example, park the car for a few months in place with high humidity and later it will probably have more problems than the vehicle driven all this time on daily basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most reasons for a car to break down is maintenance. There are important remainders to maintain the car in good shape. A regular oil change may keep engine running, avoid overheating the engine, changing spark plug, air filter, timing belt and other items from maintenance schedule may save from money. Fixing a small problem will avoid a serious damage in your car. Engine Oil Change Regular oil change is very important in maintaining a car. Engine oil has limited life – after a certain point, it starts losing lubricating qualities and carbonizes. Once it happens, the engine is contaminated with carbon deposits or sludge that significantly shorten engine’s life. When you change oil at or before manufacturer suggested interval, you change the oil before this â€Å"carbonizing† point, engine remains clean and once refilled with new oil ready to work hard again. If the engine oil has not been changed for long, carbon deposits start clogging the oil pick-up screen decreasing oil supply and increasing friction. Through the engine ventilation system the same carbon, deposits build up inside the throttle body and EGR system causing rough idle and possible check engine light. Compression decreases and engine start wearing much faster. If you do not remember when you changed the oil in your car last time – just check the oil on the dipstick. Moreover, every time you change the oil, the oil filter should be replaced as well. For correct oil type, engine oil capacity, maintenance schedule, etc. check your car owner’s manual or find car technical information. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Checking the engine oil Check the engine oil at least once a month or even more if the car has a mileage. Driving with extremely low oil level (less than min.) or with low oil pressure warning lamp on may cause serious engine damage. Have your engine be inspected as soon as possible if the oil pressure gauge indicates extremely low oil pressure. Always use the appropriate engine oil type. Change the oil if you notice that the color is black. Check your parking space for leaks. If you find any, fix it before it results in more serious vehicle problem Concerning the type of oil that you will use there are a comparison with synthetic oil and conventional mineral oil. The advantage of synthetic oil is that it can withstand higher temperature and can work longer without losing its lubricating qualities. It does not get thicker at below-zero temperatures providing good engine lubrication at a cold start. However, since it is more â€Å"thinner† a high-mileage engine filled with synthetic oil will more likely to develop leaks and you will more likely to hear lifters tapping noise at a start. Therefore, If you have low mileage or turbo engine and driving under heavy conditions such as high temperature, excessive load, long intervals without an oil change, etc., or simply want to provide extra protection for your engine, synthetic oil may be a good solution. Nevertheless, I do not think it is worth to use synthetic oil in high-mileage engines – thicker mineral oil will provide better protection as long as you change it regularly. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engine cooling system Engine overheating causes serious engine damage. In order to avoid the engine overheating: Check the coolant level periodically. It should be at least at the â€Å"min† mark in the coolant reservoir. If it is lower, add the coolant bringing the level to the â€Å"max† mark. Avoid coolant leak it may cause an engine overheating. The engine temperature start rising higher than the normal, have your engine inspected. Check the front of the radiator – sometimes it may be obstructed with leaves or dust. It is one of the possible reasons for the overheating. Never open the radiator or the coolant overflow reservoir when engine is hot! Tune –up, Timing Belt, Fuel Injector flush There are certain vehicle components that need periodical replacement such as: The fuel filter-dirty fuel filter may cause engine stalling and loss of engine power. Air filter –dirty air filter causes loss of engine power, increased fuel consumption, airflow sensor failure, etc. Engine coolant – old engine coolant loses its anti-corrosive and other characteristics and may cause water pump to fail. Spark plugs – simply spark plugs replacement can significantly improve the engine performance. Timing belt – timing belt failure may cause serious engine damage, especially if it’s diesel engine. Battery The battery filled with harmful acid solution and can produce explosive gases. Handling a battery be careful and always use protective glasses and gloves. Do not use open fire, smoke, or create a spark near battery. Most of batteries nowadays are maintenance free. All you check is battery terminals that should not be loose or corroded. Corroded battery terminals will cause all kind of problem: blinking instrument lights, low charge, no-start, dim headlights, check engine and ABS malfunction light etc. If you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage – replace the battery. Acid leaking from the battery destroys everything underneath. If there is any problems with your engine, such as irregular noise or smell, or performance problems, leaks or smoke, or â€Å"check engine† light is on, etc., have your car inspected with a mechanic. It is always better to fix any small problem right away before they can cause engine damage. Be aware, some mechanics will try to scare you because they always want to sell you more job than your car really needs, so always ask to explain everything, to show you what exactly is wrong and why. For vehicles with turbocharger, the Turbocharger serves to pump more air into the engine boosting engine power without increasing the engine volume. This turbo charger works at a very high temperature that why it requires a quality engine oil. Low quality, or old contaminated oil can be easily cooked under high temperature in the turbocharger causing it to fail. Here are some considerations: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If it is not against manufacturer recommendations, use synthetic oil, or at least be very accurate with regular oil changes. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you stop the car after hard driving (speeding, accelerating, etc.) do not shut the engine off right away, let it idle for a while to cool down the turbocharger. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Very long uphill driving under constant load may also cause turbo to overheat, try to avoid it if possible. There are few tips on how to improve the emission test result. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change oil before testing. For old or high mileage car using thicker oil may help. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change spark plugs and air filter if it was a while ago since you have changed them last time. Complete tune-up may be an option for older cars. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flushing the fuel injectors usually help. Before conducting the test you must check and adjust the tire pressure, fill the car with premium gas. Take a car for a spin on a freeway – it helps to clean spark plugs and catalytic converter and make sure, the engine is fully warmed up before test. If you have check engine light on, exhaust leaks, broken gas cap, or any other problem with vehicle emission system it needs to be repaired before the test – all those items will be inspected during the emission test. Reference: Samarins.com ;Illustrated guide to car buyers and owners. (2006)â€Å"Few tips on engine maintenance† http://www.samarins.com/maintenance/engmain.html Aol.com (2006); â€Å"Engine Management†. http://members.aol.com/dvandrews/ems.htm#topics Auto Mall USA (2006) â€Å" Mercedes Benz C-Class† http://www.automallusa.net/1996/mercedes-benz/e-class/reviews.html Horst Bauer   (2004)â€Å"Diesel Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Horst Bauer (2004)â€Å"Gasoline Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Hutchinson Education. (2004) †Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics â€Å" V. A. W. Hillier 1987,1996

The Sino-Indian War of 1962

In 1962, the worlds two most populous countries went to war. The Sino-Indian War claimed about 2,000 lives  and played out in the harsh terrain of the Karakoram Mountains, some 4,270 meters (14,000 feet) above sea level. Background to the War The primary cause of the 1962 war between India and China was the disputed border between the two countries, in the high mountains of Aksai Chin. India asserted that the region, which is slightly larger than Portugal, belonged to the Indian-controlled portion of Kashmir. China countered that it was part of Xinjiang.   The roots of the disagreement go back to the mid 19th century  when the British Raj in India and the Qing Chinese agreed to let the traditional border, wherever that might be, stand as the boundary between their realms. As of 1846, only those sections near the Karakoram Pass and Pangong Lake were clearly delineated; the rest of the border was not formally demarcated.   In 1865, the British Survey of India placed the boundary at the Johnson Line, which included about 1/3 of Aksai Chin within Kashmir. Britain did not consult with the Chinese about this demarcation  because Beijing was no longer in control of Xinjiang at the time. However, the Chinese recaptured Xinjiang in 1878. They gradually pressed forward, and set up boundary markers at Karakoram Pass in 1892, marking off Aksai Chin as part of Xinjiang. The British once again proposed a new border in 1899, known as the Macartney-Macdonald Line, which divided the territory along the Karakoram Mountains and gave India a larger piece of the pie. British India would control all of the Indus River watersheds  while China took the Tarim River watershed. When Britain sent the proposal and map to Beijing, the Chinese did not respond. Both sides accepted this line as settled, for the time being. Britain and China both used the different lines interchangeably, and neither country was particularly concerned since the area was mostly uninhabited and served only as a seasonal trading route. China had more pressing concerns with the fall of the Last Emperor and the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, which set off the Chinese Civil War. Britain would soon have World War I to contend with, as well. By 1947, when India gained its independence and maps of the subcontinent were redrawn in the Partition, the issue of Aksai Chin remained unresolved. Meanwhile, Chinas civil war would continue for two more years, until Mao Zedong and the Communists prevailed in 1949. The creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Chinese invasion and annexation of Tibet in 1950, and Chinas construction of a road to connect Xinjiang and Tibet through land claimed by India all complicated the issue. Relations reached a nadir in 1959, when Tibets spiritual and political leader, the Dalai Lama, fled into exile in the face of another Chinese invasion. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru reluctantly granted the Dalai Lama sanctuary in India, angering Mao immensely.   Sino-Indian War From 1959 forward, border skirmishes broke out along the disputed line. In 1961, Nehru instituted the Forward Policy, in which India tried to establish border outposts and patrols north of Chinese positions, in order to cut them off from their supply line. The Chinese responded in kind, each side seeking to flank the other without direct confrontation. The summer and fall of 1962 saw increasing numbers of border incidents in Aksai Chin. One June skirmish killed more than twenty Chinese troops. In July, India authorized its troops to fire not only in self-defense  but to drive the Chinese back. By October, even as Zhou Enlai was personally assuring Nehru in New Delhi that China did not want war, the Peoples Liberation Army of China (PLA) was massing along the border. The first heavy fighting took place on October 10, 1962, in a skirmish that killed 25 Indian troops and 33 Chinese soldiers. On October 20, the PLA launched a two-pronged attack, seeking to drive the Indians out of Aksai Chin. Within two days, China had seized the entire territory. The main force of the Chinese PLA was 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of the line of control by October 24. During a three-week ceasefire, Zhou Enlai ordered the Chinese to hold their position, as he sent a peace proposal to Nehru. The Chinese proposal was that both sides disengage and withdraw twenty kilometers from their current positions. Nehru responded that the Chinese troops needed to withdraw to their original position instead, and he called for a wider buffer zone. On November 14, 1962, the war resumed with an Indian attack against the Chinese position at Walong. After hundreds of more deaths and an American threat to intervene on behalf of the Indians, the two sides declared a formal ceasefire on November 19. The Chinese announced that they would withdraw from their present positions to the north of the illegal McMahon Line. However, the isolated troops in the mountains did not hear about the ceasefire for several days  and engaged in additional firefights. The war lasted just one month  but killed 1,383 Indian troops and 722 Chinese troops. An additional 1,047 Indians and 1,697 Chinese were wounded, and nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers were captured. Many of the casualties were caused by the harsh conditions at 14,000 feet, rather than by enemy fire. Hundreds of the wounded on both sides died of exposure before their comrades could get medical attention for them. In the end, China retained actual control of the Aksai Chin region. Prime Minister Nehru was roundly criticized at home for his pacifism in the face of Chinese aggression, and for the lack of preparation prior to the Chinese attack.

Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Modern Dystopia Warnings

In the future, the job of firemen morphs from putting fires out to burning books. The story Fahrenheit 451 revolves around this issue of book burning, but there is a deeper meaning to the book. Bradbury is warning that the monopolizing effect of social media will transform generations to come into a society with no genuine connections, no distinctive thoughts, and excessive reliance on technology. This book was written in 1951, and today, the propositions are no longer fiction, but are becoming a reality. Connections between individuals are fading away. At one point, Montag asks Clarisse, â€Å"Why is it, I feel like I’ve known you so many years?† (Bradbury 32). It’s because the two of them had a tie to each other they had built over time,†¦show more content†¦There is no individuality from one person to another. They follow the norms society has deemed trendy or normal. When the fashion world, or the media, decides something to be in, people will do wha tever possible to adhere to the standards and not be classified as different. There are no personal opinions, just dominant ideas put forth by the media. People choose to give up their right to freedom of expression in order to be stylish. There are no distinctions, and it leads to dull repetitiveness. The population is obsessed with the technology that overwhelms every part of life. When Faber is talking to Montag, he explains the situation of society. He explains, â€Å"If you’re not driving hundred miles an hour, at a clip where you can’t think of anything else but the danger, then you’re playing some game or sitting in some room where you can’t argue with the four-wall televisor.† (Bradbury 86). Montag recognized this with Mildred, because every time he walked into their house, â€Å"the walls were always talking to Mildred (Bradbury 42). Before, Mildred had stated to Montag, â€Å"My ‘family’ is people.† (Bradbury 75). Soc iety is submerged so deep in technology, that it is the only way of life now. The reality shows on television are people’s â€Å"family†, because that is all they know. The only world that exists to them is the world with the four walls. There is no compensation to the technological need,Show MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 PagesBy definition, a dystopia is â€Å"an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one† (Oxford Dictionary). However, it may not be so far from nonfiction as had been thought. The modern United States is starting to express traits that classify a dystopia, such as dehumanization, individuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopianRead MoreThe Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 4511825 Words   |  8 Pagesdissipates. There are many genres of writing that authors utilize, but the dystopian genre stands out the most. Dystopias take what is wrong with a modern society and emphasize it in the work. The authors of dystopian stories places the problem in a possible alternate universe. It makes the current course of action worse than it actually is, to foreshadow issues towards a misguided society while warning citizens to rebel against things similar to a overcontrolled society. These literary works have detailedRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Jhoan Aguilar Mrs. Armistead English III H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trendsRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 PagesMajor Symbols: Newspeak; prole woman; birds; telescreens; glass paperweight The three most important aspects of 1984: The setting of 1984 is a dystopia: an imagined world that is far worse than our own, as opposed to a utopia, which is an ideal place or state. Other dystopian novels include Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, and Orwells own Animal Farm. When George Orwell wrote 1984, the year that gives the book its title was still almost 40 years in the future. Some

essay 1 - 717 Words

Rhetorical Analysis Matt Lamkin’s â€Å"A Ban On Brain-Boosting Drugs is Not the Answer† first appeared in Chronicle of Higher Education in 2011. In this essay Lamkin aims to convince his reader not to deter improper conduct with threats, but to encourage students to engage in the practice of education. Lamkin tells us â€Å"If colleges believe that enhancing cognition with drugs deprives students of the true value of education, they must encourage students to adapt that value as their own† (642). Appeal to logic, consistency, and compare/contrast are techniques Lamkin skillfully uses to create a strong effective essay. Lamkin uses logos, or appeal to logic, by using effective and valid evidence, such as statistics and observations of credible†¦show more content†¦Through the use of consistency and details, it becomes clear to the readers that his solution is the best one. Lamkin also uses consistency in his essay to function as support for his compare/c ontrast technique. About midway through till the end of the essay Lamkin uses compare and contrast to effectively make his point He begins by comparing cheating to unfair competition to state â€Å"simply calling the drug unfair tells us nothing on why colleges should ban them† (641). This promotes the reader to start questioning why the colleges want to ban this drug in the first place. He then goes on to compare putting the drug in water, to making it fair or unfair. Lamkin says â€Å"shouldn’t colleges put them in drinking water instead? It would be unfair for wealthy students to use them if less privileged kids can’t afford them† (641). By doing this he steers the reader away from the opposing solution. He then starts to contrast the idea of the drug being bad to actually being beneficial as Lamkin states â€Å"Ritalin might enable a student to engage more deeply in college and to more fully experience its internal goods† (641). The reason for this is to show that the policy weather prohibition or universal access, is unlikely to be effective. But for the rest of the essay he contrast his solution to promote education and the honor code to the opposing solution ofShow MoreRelatedECHS Application Essay #11022 Words   |  5 Pages Looking down, I saw a stack of red towels with a note on top. Trying not to drip too much water on the floor, I leaned forward to read the note on top. Written on it was the following: â€Å"Feel free to use, Savannah! P.S. Good luck on that essay! – ECHS.† Essay? I thought. And how would they know I would be here? Curiously, I plucked a towel from the stack, and then draped it around my shoulders. Tightening the towel around my shoulders, I began walking down the hall. It was too cold and wet toRead MoreMKT 571 Quizzes week 1 6 Essay2577 Words   |  11 PagesQuiz  Week  1  Ã‚   1  One  of  the  most  critical  steps  in  the  defining  process  of  market  research  is   defining  the  problem,  the  decision  alternatives,  and  research  objectives   2  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Wabash  Bank  would  like  to  understand  if  there  is  a  relationship  between  the  advertising  or  promotion  it   does  and  the  number  of  new  customers  the  bank  gets  each  quarter.  What  type  of  research  is  this  an   example  of?  Ã‚   Casual   3  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ How  does  the  market  demand  curve  change  (as  a  function  of  marketing  expenditure)  during  recession?  Read More Type 1 Diabetes (Juvenile Diabetes) Essay2177 Words   |  9 PagesType 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). 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Tattoos and Body Piercing free essay sample

That was what most people covered in tattoos and body piercing were nicknamed in an era gone by. Today, this widely common phenomenon is widely spread from young adolescence to the older generations and some still carry those nicknames. Tattooing and body piercing has come along way since the time of un-sterilized and unsanitary practices. Body piercing and tattoos are becoming a favorable form of self expression; one should consider the precautions and safety risks before making a hasty decision. Knowing what the processes are for body piercing and tattooing is a big step in understanding what these art forms are. Where the most reputable establishments are is a major key in getting the best results and staying safe when altering the body. Learning how to care for these adornments is a vital necessity in maintaining the integrity of the adornment as well as remaining healthy and infection free. The first question to ask when considering self adornment is, â€Å"What is a tattoo or body piercing? † A tattoo and body piercing are forms of skin adornments. (American Academy of Dermatology, 2004) A tattoo is the art of injecting permanent ink into the skin to form a picture or word. A body piercing is the wearing of jewelry through the skin. Tattoos should be performed by a licensed technician using a sterile inking gun to inject the colorful dyes or pigments into the first several layers of epidermis. With every prick of the needle, ink droplets are left behind to create a piece of art. Whereas body piercing is the puncturing of body parts and inserting body jewelry that can be changed or removed. This procedure is usually done by numbing the area first with a local anesthetic to reduce the pain on the participant. The equipment that professional technicians use for tattooing is a small machine with tubes containing dye that pierces the skin repeatedly—an action that resembles a sewing machine. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2007) Non-professionals have used needles, safety pins and other sharp instruments pushing India ink, ashes and pen ink through the skin, this practice should be avoided due to unsanitary conditions and the threat of infection or disease are more common. The American Academy of Dermatology (2004) has stated that there are five different types of tattoos. The first type of tattoo is, Traumatic. Traumatic tattoos are unwanted bedding of debrisand dirt. Road rash from an accident is one example. The second type of tattoo is Amateur. Amateur tattooing is performed by non-professional individuals that have had little or no formal training. This practice is done by inserting India ink or ashes under the skin using sharp instruments; example would include a jail house tattoo. The third type of tattoo is the professional. The professional tattoo is considered artistry and is among the safest practices for tattooing. Professional tattooists use sterilized guns that inject small amounts of dye under the epidermis creating works of art. Next, there is the medical tattoo. Medical tattoos are used for landmarks in certain treatments like radiation. Medical tattoos are placed by medical physicians. Last, the cosmetic tattoo. Cosmetic tattoos are used for permanent makeup such as eyeliner, lip liner, lipstick, and eyebrows. One cosmetic tattoo that most people are unaware of is to replace the nipple after a breast surgery. The equipment for body piercing varies from a surgical needle to a single use, sterilized piercing gun used for the earlobe. Body piercing is performed by pushing a hollow needle through the body part and inserting a piece of body jewelry. Before technology became so advanced, safety pins, needles and other sharp objects were used for these piercing. This type of unsanitary practice caused many infections and diseases for the person receiving the body jewelry. Body piercing can be on any part of the body; however the most common areas are: ears, lip, eyebrow, belly button, nose, tongue, nipple and genital areas. Female ear piercing has long been accepted in Western culture, but in the last 25 years male ear piercing and the piercing of body parts has become widespread American Academy of Dermatology, 2004) Just pick a location and a piercing can be done in that location. Where to find a reputable establishment? Local health departments can give information and licensing requirements on the body piercing or tattoo establishments in their areas along with which establishment is state licensed and inspected. Upon choosing an establishment, questions that should be asked to the technician prior to the body piercing or tattoo might be: Is this location licensed, what is the sterilization practices, is there an autoclave that is used to sterilize, how long has this location been in business, are there references and is there a monitored infection rate? The technician should not be offended in theses questions, unless they have something to hide. Only well established practitioners would welcome the questions without dismay. Along with tattoo establishments, body piercing can be done also at many beauty salons as well as mall jewelry stores. These types of retail stores should also be state licensed and inspected as well. Feel free to ask these locations the same questions that would be asked at a tattoo parlor. As professionals, they should not be offended and understand the safety aspect of the situation The consequences of not using a professional technician or licensed establishment could be tremendous. With the tattoo, there are infections, blood-borne diseases, such as Hepatitis B or HIV, and skin disorders to be aware of. One precaution to be aware of is that tattoos may interfere with medical tests like the MRI due to the iron oxide and heavy metal pigments in the tattoo ink. Tattoos can be removed by laser surgery, dermabrasion and surgical removal. However, these processes are painful and expensive and do not always work for complete removal. With body piercing, the things to watch for are: blood-borne diseases like Hepatitis B or HIV, oral complications, skin infections such as Staphylococcus aureaus, (staph infection), bacterial infections called pseudomonas, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, and scars or keliods. Vascular growths, called pyongenic granulomas have also been known to develop due to body piercing. If a vascular growth appears, it must be removed for safety reasons. Embedding may also occur, which is skin that grows over the piercing due to a stud being too tight. The after care for a tattoo or body piercing is necessary to avoid any of the earlier mentioned consequences. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2007), an establishment that provides the body piercing or tattoo should give detailed instructions on after care of the body piercing or tattoo. The after care for the tattoo will depend on the type and extent of the tattoo. All tattoos should include the cleaning with soap and water, applying moisturizer regularly and avoiding sun exposure for at least the first few weeks. Tattoos can take up to several days to heal and the scab should not be picked off. For body piercing, the after care will vary depending on location of the piercing. For an oral piercing, use an antibacterial, alcohol free mouthwash up to one minute followed by brushing the teeth with a soft bristled toothbrush after each meal while the piercing is healing. For any type of skin piercing, use a cotton swab to remove any crusting, rinse with warm water and apply a liquid medicated cleanser to the area. The jewelry should be turned from side to side to increase the antibacterial distribution to the puncture site. Avoiding the use of rubbing alcohol or peroxide due to they dry out the skin. Once the piercing has healed, removal and replacement can be done with ease. The long- term care of a tattoo or body piercing is as important as the initial care. For the tattoo, a moisturizer should be used daily to keep the tattoo healthy looking and from drying out. Sunscreen should be used when the tattoo will be in direct sunlight. With a body piercing, the main objective for long- term care is to make sure the area is kept clean and to use good body jewelry. Jewelry made from brass and nickel tends to cause allergic reactions. Jewelry made from surgical steel, titanium, 14 or 18 karat gold or niobium, are the best choices to make. Tattoos and body piercing, may not be for everyone but to those who choose to have one or more of these body adornments, be wise in choosing a piercing or tattoo, it is a long-term commitment and the youth of today will have to adjust into adult hood and the business world of tomorrow. In conclusion, a tattoo and body piercing are forms of body art and adornment that should be performed by well established technicians that maintain a safe and sterile environment and provide after care instructions to all their patrons. Knowing how the body art is performed is important to having beautiful adornments and avoiding infections and diseases should be a major objective for a tattoo or body piercing. Following the after care routine should be in place and remain long after the body piercing or tattoo has been received. Years of enjoyment from the body piercing or tattoo can be reached if the rules are followed correctly. Have fun, be safe and enjoy those beautiful works of art.

Climate Change Policy Owed By Carbon Tax †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Climate Change Policy Owed By Carbon Tax? Answer: Introduction The environmental change and representation of climatic interferences have been modified by the effective implementation of Carbon Tax 2012 in Australia. This is a policy to understand the emission of carbon-dioxide and the effect regarding the process. There are certain environmental, economic and climatic changes that provide proposed and expected changes in Australia. In this report, the argumentative view of the Carbon tax and coalition action regarding the change policy is being discussed so that the actual determination of the situation can understand. The act "Australia's Carbon tax" has been implemented on July 1, 2012, which emphasis on the fixed emission of carbon gases. This is the most challenging aspect to save the environment and introduced the ethical way of theoretical underpinning. Imposed climatic change The policy detail of the Australian Government has introduced the imposed tax against carbon. The amount of tax has to deliver as much carbon emits from an organization. In a mining industry, the leading changes and produced challenges must be engaged as the process emits the highest carbon comparing to other sectors. Thus, their persistence and sustainable acquisition is the determining area of supervision (Marshall 2016.). There is no limit of carbon emission but as much carbon, they emit they have to pay the same amount of money for this. The initial account of permit suggests $23 a ton. But this is only for the three years of licensing after that the trading scheme will be abolished for that company and the tax amount will be determined by the market rate. In such cases, the business objectives, aim, and reduction will go through by the determination of market (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2013). Fuel supply and distributors are the major sources of synthetic greenhouse gases em itters and thus the exempt of tax and their providing nature will have the high optimum. The organization propaganda or agenda is being changed by the implementation of carbon tax so every company needs to take new policies to mitigate the carbon (Fahimnia et al. 2015). As the companies are trying their best to reduce carbon emission, the environment is being safer. The effective change in environment may be noticed by the changing reduction targets provided by the government of Australia (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2013). Theoretical implementation of carbon tax The theoretical implementation of the carbon tax in Australia has stated that 75,000 businesses directly paid the carbon tax or equivalent carbon tax. The taxes are changes through in form of rebates and duties in many aspects. The treasuries of Australia have mentioned that about $550 has been collected from the carbon tax that emphasizes the emission of carbon from different organizations (Butterworth, Subramaniam and Phang 2015). On the basis of this report the government has changed the pricing of a carbon tax and in 2014-15 the revised tax for one ton was $25.40 (Galbreath, 2014.). The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission monitoring the price rate thus the repeal of that price and the implement changes are constructed by them (Robson 2014). In the time of theoretical implementation, the political assortment and social behavior with that policy are not implemented in a simple way, through the complex procedure was done in an effective way by the government (Meng, Siriwa rdana and McNeill 2013). Carbon formational goods are rated in higher pricing so that house hold products are not that but to replace the product by an innovative one. The theoretical implementation also suggests the rule of the carbon tax as this process is improvised as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which has a fixed price rate (Schiermeier 2014). The argumentative issue thus makes a question over the matter that direct action that has been taken b the coalition and the imposed Australian Carbon tax is applied for the same reason but their views of the both perspective are different (Marshall 2016). Contrasting direct action plan The Australian government has imposed the labor action plan with the significance motive of replacement of its direct action plan. The pollution level must be mitigated to some extent by the reinforcement of this policy. The Emission reduction fund will operate the view and analysis the center price of the policy. The contractual paper stated the budgeting will counting $2.5 for the first four years and it has begun from July 1, 2014. The operation cost is including with that statistic (Dwyer et al. 2013). The process of labor support and the coalition may reduce the emission percentage by 5 at the desired level in 2020. The target mechanism and the amount of pollution in that state may increase the price as well so the taxpaying amount will be enriched by the cost elasticity procedure of the reduction process (Schiermeier 2014). The government has also made an enforcement of extra 15,000 strong green armies to conduct the whole process. The pricing of emission set by the government has changed the business perspective and undertaken emission process to make a solid tender on the basis of that reduction of direct action plan to mitigate carbon (Marshall 2016). The federal government and the selected opposition have agreed with the decision that greenhouse gases effect must be mitigated a reduced under the 5% and for this strong opinion the exploration of policies are introduced in Australia (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2013). Under the provision of the Direct action plan, the restoration of soil carbon and energy efficiency is the actionable outcome from this aspect. The climatic change is directly accountable with economic wide tax and damaging the need of despite changes (Bird et al. 2014). In mine sector or mining farms, the traditional landfill and growth of the business are related to the way as the mine sectors raw materials are digging and cutting through the undermine surface hence there are high chances of carbon emission in the air (Butterworth, Sub ramaniam and Phang 2015). Hence, in that case, the government has an economic influence as well as the policy is been set for the all organization and it cannot be nullified for a single sector. The proposed section of the coalition has made an attempt to reduce the green house gases effect which seems to be an unconditional because of the positional change in climate has made by the mines are enough effective to increase the carbon level (Galbreath 2014). Risk factor and determining opportunities of World of carbon There are certain involving risk factors associated with the concern thinking related to the business. The business marketing and impose strategy may get some threat for that reason. The price of carbon is important for them to the economic condition of the company related to the dues they contribute to the emission of carbon. Thus, the economic effects and consequences are straightforward to the relativity of the outcome (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2013). So the competitive advantages are not found in that case to maintain a high intensity and opportunity to explore the business on the desired rank. The carbon intention and the level of opportunity to learn more in this section can be mitigated by the way organization emits carbon (Parker et al. 2015). So, in that case, the production association and economic imbalance situation are inter-connected as the risk factor is more than the opportunity one. If the government has chosen emissions averaging emission approaches the general case is not considered in that situation (Butterworth, Subramaniam and Phang 2015). All the economic countries have the same carbon explicit limit and that has to be maintained in that situation. So the interaction in between other policies and a Carbon tax is a trade argumentative nature that has not equalized the abatement of lost and schemes (Guo et al. 2014). The tone of the emission and the determining sector of mine firms, who has dealt with energy productions, and has the appropriate amount of permitting carbon in the environment. If their emission process is being closed then the organization development is also have faced a stagnant issue. The Carbon tax also changes the house hold section utilization. The prices are high and there are no schemes for the use of carbon for the house hold assistance. The International linking and trade restriction is there for the effective measurement of the carbon tax (Pollard et al. 2016). The Australian government has maintained the econ omic policy in a visible way so that the domestic carbon liabilities are not affected by the reduced condition and elaborate the constraint achievements for the situational equity (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2014). Transformation strategies The business usual projection has been changed by the imports of this act which is in the jurisdiction of Australia. The biggest emission source is electric thus the electric producing project will be transferred to the new one so that the source of this traditional work gets a new support and power. Green house gas is evolvement is the major curse for the country, thus the accounting emission of 62% in 2009 must have the curtailed figure as the new innovative formation may introduce. Hence, for the electric reason, the transformation like Solar panel installation has been done (Benavides et al. 2014). 146-kilowatt solar panel has been installed in Canberra Winery building on 1st June 2012. The change and evolved process have intended the electrical continual in the country without the life hazardous gases (Meng, Siriwardana and McNeill 2013). Renewable price of electricity is another transformation or adaptive process that generates high participation with the customers. The energy sources are not harmful as well as they are not evolving carbon. Hence, renewable energy making in a large scale is important and that make demand in the renewable energy efficiency. Mapping of the potential network is another adaptive change that needs to be implemented for the mitigation of carbon from the environment (Galbreath 2014). The absorb addition carbon generation and the capacity of the absorbance are the help development process that reassesses the technological potential of the network. The government act of mapping distributes the channel and states the feeders for the renewable energy generation. Calmative variables like optimum evaporation, heat waves, daily temperature, frequency and intensity of the rainfall and humidity all works fluently are working on the adaptation limit of continual change. Thus, in that case, the temperature must increase and climatic condition will sustain for that development of the certain metabolism (Butterworth, Subramaniam and Phang 20 15). National climate change adaptation framework support the decision making a part that provides the proper guidance of variable sources of states and includes the two key strategies like regional vulnerability and reducing the sectional issue and building understanding and adaptive opportunity and understanding of the building nature. These two strategies are implemented in a facilitated way so that developmental changes and provisional act representation are followed by the stakeholder that access the underpinning argumentation in between the laws or jurisdiction on Carbon Tax in Australia (Fang et al. 2017). Conclusion Therefore the report can be concluded that carbon tax is being implemented by the Australia government and the imposed formation of tax is effective as the organization has the limited confutation of carbon emission. The predicted climate change due to the effect of green house gas and the possible measure that has taken for the mitigating nature of the green house gas has discussed here. The economic challenges that organizations have to face for the implementation of this act the accounting nature of this act and how they collected the licensing money all these are discussed in this report. In the mining sector, the process of their business enhancement lies in evolve of carbon thus the risk for the constrained position of carbon and the opportunity of the health environment is discussed here. There are certain theories and adaptation process that need to be changed for the development of nature of climatic change. Thus these procedures are also discussed as the solar panel impleme ntation instead of carbon is a bright idea that gives essence to the eco-friendly and environment structure to the country. References: Benavides, C., Gonzales, L., Daz, M., Palma, R., Garca, G., Ravizza, C. and Fuentes, R., 2014.Economy-?wide implications of a carbon tax: Assessment of mitigation action in the Chilean electricity generation sector. Working paper for CDKN project on Linking sectoral and economy-?wide models. Santiago de Chile, Energy Centre, University of Chile. https://www. mapschile. cl/sistema-?de-?gestion-?del-?conocimiento. Bird, D.K., Haynes, K., van den Honert, R., McAneney, J. and Poortinga, W., 2014. Nuclear power in Australia: A comparative analysis of public opinion regarding climate change and the Fukushima disaster.Energy Policy,65, pp.644-653. Butterworth, S., Subramaniam, N. and Phang, M.M., 2015. Carbon Risk Management: A Comparative Case Study of Two Companies within the Australian Energy Sector.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,13(1), p.9. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. and Hoque, S., 2013. Economic impacts of a carbon tax on the Australian tourism industry.Journal of Travel Research,52(2), pp.143-155. Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., Choudhary, A. and Eshragh, A., 2015. Tactical supply chain planning under a carbon tax policy scheme: A case study.International Journal of Production Economics,164, pp.206-215. Fang, G., Tian, L., Fu, M., Sun, M., Du, R. and Liu, M., 2017. Investigating carbon tax pilot in YRD urban agglomerationsAnalysis of a novel ESER system with carbon tax constraints and its application.Applied Energy,194, pp.635-647. Galbreath, J., 2014. Climate change response: Evidence from the Margaret River wine region of Australia.Business strategy and the environment,23(2), pp.89-104. Galbreath, J., 2014. Climate change response: Evidence from the Margaret River wine region of Australia.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.90-111. Guo, Z., Zhang, X., Zheng, Y. and Rao, R., 2014. Exploring the impacts of a carbon tax on the Chinese economy using a CGE model with a detailed disaggregation of energy sectors.Energy Economics,45, pp.455-462. Marshall, J.P., 2016. Disordering fantasies of coal and technology: Carbon capture and storage in Australia.Energy Policy,99, pp.288-298. Meng, S., Siriwardana, M. and McNeill, J., 2013. The environmental and economic impact of the carbon tax in Australia.Environmental and Resource Economics, pp.1-20. Meng, S., Siriwardana, M. and McNeill, J., 2014. The contribution of carbon pricing to sustainable mining.International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, (1). Parker, R.W., Hartmann, K., Green, B.S., Gardner, C. and Watson, R.A., 2015. Environmental and economic dimensions of fuel use in Australian fisheries.Journal of Cleaner Production,87, pp.78-86. Pollard, S., Dooley, K., McConnell, D., Meinshausen, M., Meyer, R. and Workman, A., 2016. SUBMISSION TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE AUTHORITY SPECIAL REVIEW SECOND DRAFT REPORT ON AUSTRALIAS CLIMATE POLICY OPTIONS. Robson, A., 2014. Australia's carbon tax: An economic evaluation.Economic Affairs,34(1), pp.35-45. Schiermeier, Q., 2014. Anger as Australia dumps carbon tax.Nature,511(7510).